![]() Wherefore let the skill of all those faithful to the holy Church of God and to Us, as well present as future, ascertain that the venerable margrave Robert, the counsel of Our realm and a helper to Us, and also abbot of the monastery of the holy martyr Vincent and the outstanding pontiff of Paris Germanus, approaching Our Sublimity with Count Heribert and the extraordinary Bishop Abbo, advised that both for the veneration of holy remains, to wit, of Archbishop Audoënus and as well of the blessed confessors Leutfred and his brother Agofred, and also moreover for Our salvation and that of the whole realm, the abbey which is named Croix-Saint-Ouen should be conceded to the monks of the aforesaid confessor Germanus, so that from now and in future, the limbs of the aforesaid saints, which have for a long time gone without the divine office, might be reverently received by the same abbey-dwellers and be honoured, having been set beside the blessed limbs of Germanus.Īssenting to their worthy petitions, to wit, those of Our followers, We donated and subjected that abbey, whose head is in the district of Madrie, on the river Auture, to Saint-Germain and its monks, to constantly their mensa, except the part of that abbey which We granted to the Seine Norse, that is, to Rollo and his comrades, for the defence of the realm. Charles, by gracious favour of divine clemency king of the Franks.īecause God Almighty, Who is King of Kings, by His gift worthily placed Our Clemency over both His realm and His people, it therefore behoves Us not only to preside over, but truly rather to profit holy churches, and especially the downfallen, in whom the bodies of the saints lie beaten by pagan savagery, lacking until now due veneration. In the name of the holy and indivisible Trinity. 92 (14 th March 918, Compiègne) = ARTEM no. What that means is that the earliest reference we have to the existence of Rollonid Rouen is in fact this:ĭD CtS no. ( One historian, in fact, has argued that the foundation of Normandy happened several decades before, in the 880s but her arguments have not generally found any traction because they’re very reliant on internal chronological indicators within Dudo’s writings which aren’t themselves trustworthy.) 911, in Dudo’s work, was clearly picked because that was the date of the battle of Chartres, and whilst we know from other sources that an agreement was reached soon after that, it could have been up to several years later. For instance, he puts Rollo’s arrival in the West Frankish kingdom in 876, a date cherry-picked from his written sources with no internal logic behind it. The only person who actually puts a date on the agreement made between Charles the Simple and Rollo is Dudo of Saint-Quentin, whose chronology is dreadful. The problem is that this date, whilst traditional, is less secure than it looks. ![]() Text automatically scales to the size of the bounding box so just click and drag the corners to make your text bigger or smaller.When I’ve spoken before about the foundation of Normandy, I’ve referred to the treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, made in 911. Fill and outline options can be added to fonts with colors, gradients, and patterns. Add your own vector or raster images by dragging and dropping them right into the Sketchpad interface.Īccess all of Google's high quality font library directly from the Sketchpad interface. All images are open source and available for use in professional and commercial artwork. Paint directly into shapes to keep your brush strokes "inside the lines."īrowse through the thousands of high quality vector images to use in your project. ![]() Fill and outlines can be added with colors, gradients and patterns. Use the line and path tools to trace images are create detailed line art.Įach shape can customized using slider options in the UI. ![]() Decorate your artwork using hundreds of high quality stamps. Make a quick photo edit with the drag and drop feature, or lose yourself for hours in Sketchpad’s streamlined digital makerspace.Ĭreate cool strokes with the Tile, Mirror, Crayon, and Calligraphy brushes. Craft images for social media posts, digital ads, paper, or even apparel. Easily draw, edit photos, or design your next business card. Whether you’re working on a school poster or brainstorming your next comic book character, Sketchpad makes it easy to bring your ideas to life. ![]()
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